機械製造業英文論文

⑴ 誰有機械論文（英文版）

The multi-motor drive
Description:
The present invention concerns a drive for an escalator, which drives the stair belt and is arranged on one or both sides of the escalator at the upper and/or the lower end thereof, wherein the drive comprises a main drive wheel and at least one motor with gear and brake components.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Different dispositions and constructional principles are known for escalator drives. Since the drive must be designed for the maximally occurring load, a relatively large and strongly dimensioned motor with a corresponding gear is necessary. Poor efficiency at the mostly prevailing partial load and the large installation volume in the case of limited space availability within an escalator construction are disadvantages of such a drive.

These disadvantages are present to a lesser degree or not at all with multi-motor drives. Such a drive for escalators and walkways, which comprises two indivial drives or two twin drives, the output gearwheels of which drive the stair chain or the plate chain and, by way of an additional gear, the handrail, is known from DE 35 26 905.

Such a construction is executed in different variants and correspondingly comprises a number of different gears and gear housings for the stair chain drive or the plate chain drive. Furthermore, the indivial drives are equipped with planetary gears, which causes relatively high costs.

The object of the present invention is to create an improved multi-motor drive for escalators, which can be implemented at favorable costs, which may be built up in a molar manner, and which covers a usual performance range.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The drive according to the present invention distinguishes itself by several constructionally identical drive units being mountable distributed at the circumference of a main drive wheel, whereby the main drive wheel or its toothing need be dimensioned only for loading by a single drive unit. The main drive wheel itself thus can have a smaller width, which is of great advantage for the accommodation of the drive parts in the case of an escalator.

The drive units, in a number corresponding with power requirements, may be flange-mounted to a main gear housing identical for all performance classes. This simplifies the proction process for the entire constructional series, reces the inventory and facilitates maintenance and repairs.

The drive units are provided with torque transmitters and/or rotational speed transmitters for recognition of their mechanical loading.

Each of the drive units can furthermore be provided with a clutch which makes a selectable switching-in or switching-out of a drive unit possible.

The drive further comprises a frequency-setting device which is common to all drive units and by means of which different speeds can be set and which also serves as a starting aid. A control and regulating unit proces corresponding control and regulating commands by the processing of incoming data. The control and regulating unit causes the switching-in and switching-out of indivial drive units on the basis of actual load data from the torque transmitters, which helps to improve the electrical and mechanical efficiency and thus also reces the energy consumption.

The use of polyphase alternating current squirrel-cage motors of variable frequency and their associated control has the advantage that high torques can be proced at low rotational speeds.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is explained more closely in the following with the aid of an illustrative example of an embodiment thereof and is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows an escalator with a drive according to the invention at the upper end of the escalator;

FIG. 2 shows the drive with drive units flange-mounted on a main gear transversely to the direction of travel of the escalator;

FIG. 3 shows the drive with drive units flange-mounted on a main gear longitudinally of the direction of travel of the escalator;

FIG. 4 shows a three-dimensional illustration of the drive arrangement according to FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 shows a three-dimensional illustration of the drive arrangement according to FIG. 3; and

FIG. 6 shows a block schematic diagram and functional diagram of the drive with all associated components.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows an escalator 1 with an upper end 2, below which drive units denoted by 7 and a part of a stair chain 3 are visible.

FIG. 2 shows the details of a drive, which is installed within a carrying structure 9 at the upper end 2 of the escalator 1. Three identically constructed drive units 7 drive a toothed main drive wheel 6 by way of an output gearwheel 7.6 and an intermediate gearwheel 21, and are arranged and distributed about the circumference of the main drive wheel 6. The main drive wheel 6, together with a stair chain wheel 5, are fastened on the main shaft 4 of the drive. The drive units 7 are firmly connected to a main gear housing 8 at three planar flange-connecting openings 24 formed for this purpose. When less than three drive units 7 are needed, the unused flange-connecting opening 24 may be closed by a cover and the associated intermediate gearwheel 21 is not inserted. With this construction, the same main gear housing 8 can always be used for one, two or three needed drive units 7. The axles of the drive units 7 are arranged transversely to the direction of movement of the escalator 1, which yields the advantage of a short machine room.

As example of a variant, FIG. 3 shows an arrangement of the drive units 7 parallel to the direction of movement of the escalator 1. In this manner of arrangement, the drive units 7 additionally comprise a bevel gear 7.3. Motor 7.1, clutch 7.2, brake 7.4, flywheel 7.5 and the output gearwheel 7.6, which are otherwise constructionally identical with and incorporated in the drive units 7 of FIG. 2, are present for each drive unit 7. The main gear housing 8 is likewise always the same for one, two or three drive units 7 and unused flange-connecting openings 24 can likewise be covered by a cover.

FIG. 4 is a spatial illustration of the drive according to FIG. 2 within the carrying structure 9 of the escalator 1. Two stair elements 22 are illustrated in addition to the elements shown in the preceding illustrations.

FIG. 5 is a similar spatial illustration of the drive according to FIG. 3 within the carrying structure 9 of escalator 1. The two stair elements 22 are likewise additionally shown.

The function and operation of the multi-motor drive according to the invention is to be explained more closely in the following by reference to FIG. 6. The current supply of the drive takes place as usual from local three-phase current mains 13 with phases R, S and T which are led to a main switch 14. Following thereon, the entire drive is connected through a main relay or several relays 15. There then follows a frequency-setting device 16, which by way of a relay control 23 with the relays S1, S2 to Sn feeds the motors 7.1 (M1, M2 to Mn) of the drive moles 7 at a variable frequency current and direction of rotation as provided by the frequency-setting device 16. The motors M1, M2 to Mn are, as already shown and described in the preceding, operatively connected with the main drive wheel 6 by way of gears 7.3 and output gearwheels 7.6 and intermediate gearwheels 21, which are not further illustrated here. Torque transmitters 20 (L1, L2 to Ln) for the purpose of the measurement of the actual mechanical loading of the motors M1, M2 to Mn are installed at a suitable place in the transmission between the motors M1, M2 to Mn as known in the art. The main gear wheel 6 drives a speed transmitter 19 by way of an appropriate known transmission, which similarly is not more closely illustrated.

A control and regulating unit 10 contains microprocessor and relay control components, as well as signal and data inputs and outputs. First input data line 18.1 supplies speed values from the speed transmitter 19, which are fed as actual values to an internal regulating section. The second group of input data lines 18.2 provide measurement values from the torque transmitters 20 and, through appropriate processing, cause the switching-in and switching-out of indivial drive moles 7. A third group of input data lines 18.3 supplies data from transmitters 11, which essentially concern control safety contacts and mode of operation switches. A first group of output data lines 17.1 leads to the relays 15 and to the frequency-setting device 16. A second group of output data lines 17.2 contain control signals for the relay control 23, and the third group of output data lines 17.3 provides the data to control optical signals and illumination 12.

The multi-motor drive according to the invention functions as following:

During starting-up of the escalator 1, the relay 15 for the drive is switched on, the frequency-setting device 16 is run up and at least one drive mole 7 is switched on by way of the relay control 23 by the control and regulating unit 10 according to the choice of direction and a start-up program. On reaching the target speed, the drive regulation in the control and regulating unit 10 holds the speed of travel of the escalator 1 constant within close limits independently of the load. During the now following operation of the escalator 1, the input data lines 18.2 from the torque transmitters 20 supply information about the mechanical loading of the switched-in drive moles 7 (motors M1, M2 to Mn).

In the case of low or no loading by transported persons, the drive power of the first motor M1 may suffice, and the further motors M2 to Mn remain switched off. If a full loading with a tendency to lasting overload is signalled by the torque transmitter L1, the next motor M2 is switched on after a defined time. The signals from the two torque transmitters L1 and L2 are now monitored in the control and regulating unit 10 and a further, not illustrated motor M3 may be switched in according to analog criteria when the load limit values of the motors M1 and M2 are exceeded. The third motor, denoted by Mn in the illustration, is to indicate that, in principle, a greater number of drive moles 7 can be provided. For practical and economic reasons, however, the number of drive moles 7 will probably remain restricted to three or at most four.

The procere is reversed when the mechanical loading drops. The no longer needed motors 7.1 are then switched off in the sequence beginning with the motor Mn switched on last. If a uniform wear of the drive moles 7 is desired, this can be taken into consideration by way of an additional measurement of the switched-on times of the indivial drive moles 7 and the indivial drive moles 7 can thus be switched on and off selectably and not according to an always identical sequence.

As already mentioned, the number of the drive moles 7 is not limited to the illustrated three items. Drive moles 7 proced in large quantities can be very favorable in price, so that it could be feasible to provide a greater number, for example 4 to 6, drive moles 7. With appropriately adapted control programs in the control and regulating unit 10, the greater amount of data resulting therefrom can be processed without problems.

The use of direct current motors for the drive moles 7 is also possible in principle with appropriately-adapted control and regulating techniques as known in the art. Alternating current motors with squirrel cage armatures are preferably used because of their simple mode of construction and ease of service. Moreover, efficient and likewise cheap frequency-setting devices or frequency converters are available.

Normal spur gearwheels, by means of which an optimum mechanical efficiency is achieved, may be used for the drive arrangement according to FIG. 2. Cone wheel gears, by means of which a practically equal efficiency is achieved by comparison with spur gearwheels, are advantageously used as bevel gears 7.3 for the drive arrangement according to FIG. 3.

The main gear housing 8 can be so constructed that both drive arrangements, those according to FIG. 2 as well as those according to FIG. 3, can be realized. The main drive housing 8 then correspondingly has twice as many flange-connecting openings 24. The intermediate gearwheels 21 can be the same at the same position for both drive arrangements.

The drive arrangement according to the invention can also be used for other kinds of conveying equipment, for example for walkways and mercalators in horizontal and oblique construction.

⑵ 急求一篇機械類英文論文，英文5000字以上，要有中文翻譯呀，急急急！~~~~~

中國是世界上機械發展最早的國家之一。中國的機械工程技術不但歷史悠久，而且成就十分輝煌，不僅對中國的物質文化和社會經濟的發展起到了重要的促進作用，而且對世界技術文明的進步做出了重大貢獻.傳統機械方面，我國在很長一段時期內都領先於世界。到了近代由於特別是從18世紀初到19世紀40年代，由於經濟社會等諸多原因，我國的機械行業發展停滯不前，在這100多年的時間里正是西方資產階級政治革命和產業革命時期，機械科學技術飛速發展，遠遠超過了中國的水平。這樣，中國機械的發展水平與西方的差距急劇拉大，到十九世紀中期已經落後西方一百多年。

新中國建立後特別是近三十年來，我國的機械科學技術發展速度很快。向機械產品大型化，精密化、自動化和成套化的趨勢發展。在有些方面已經達到或超過了世界先進水平。總的來說，就目前而言中國機械科學技術的成就是巨大的，發展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。這一時期還沒有結束，我國的機械科學技術還將向更高的水平發展。只要我們能夠採取正確的方針、政策、用好科技發展規律並勇於創新，我國的機械工業和機械科技一定能夠振興，重新引領世界機械工業發展潮流。

就小型夯實機械而言：
上世紀60年代以前，我國小型夯實機械非常缺乏，很多小型場地的夯實基本上採用人工夯實。

上世紀60年代初期，長沙建設機械研究所與北京建築工程學院等單位合作，在群眾性技術革新成果的基礎上總結發明了具有中國特色的蛙式夯實機，1962年獲國家科技發明獎。蛙式夯實機結構簡單，維修、使用方便，很快成為我國60年代夯實機械的主導產品。據不完全統計蛙式夯實機累計產量達到50000多台，在我國經濟建設中發揮了重要作用。70年代以後，蛙式夯實機逐漸被性能更先進的振動沖擊夯和振動平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯實機已經很少，基本被淘汰。

1964年，長沙建設機械研究所開發了HB120型內燃式夯實機，開始由上海工程機械廠生產，後來主要由津市洞庭工程機械廠生產，年產量200台左右。80年代，內燃式夯實機產品質量有較大提高，曾出口東南亞和非洲地區。90年代以後，內燃式夯實機產銷售量也在逐漸減少，目前只有少數小型民營企業生產。

1977年，長沙建設機械研究所和柳州市建築機械廠開發了我國第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振動平板夯，這兩種產品分別於1979 年和1982年通過了由建設部組織的鑒定。隨後義烏建築機械廠、四平建築機械廠、安陽振動器廠、津市洞庭工程機械廠等多家企業都開始生產振動平板夯。1986年長沙建設機械研究所又開發了較大的HZR450型振動平板夯。上世紀90年代以後，振動平板夯在我國有了較快的發展，產品品種、規格和生產企業增多，國外的振動平板夯陸續進入中國市場。

1983年，長沙建設機械研究所和湖北振動器廠聯合開發了我國第一台HZR70型振動沖擊夯，1984年通過了由建設部組織的鑒定，1985年獲建設部科技進步三等獎。由於振動沖擊夯具有壓實效果好、生產率高、體積和重量小、輕便靈活等突出特點，深受用戶歡迎，得到了迅速的推廣使用，並很快發展到資江機器廠、新鄉第三機床廠和津市洞庭工程機械廠等幾十家企業生產。振動沖擊夯雖然比振動平板夯開發晚，但發展速度、產銷量和使用廣泛性比振動平板夯大得多，目前已成為我國夯實機械中產銷量最大的主導產品。上世紀90年代以後，國外的振動平板夯陸續進入中國市場。

振動沖擊夯和振動平板夯在我國的成功開發，不僅為我國建設施工部門提供了性能先進的夯實機械，取得了良好的經濟效益和社會效益，而且使我國夯實機械技術向前跨進了一大步，縮短了與世界先進水平的差距，促進了我國壓實機械的發展。

就機械加工而言：
熱加工 鑄造 據考古發現，在北京平谷、昌平、房山等處曾出土了公元前16世紀(商代)的青銅禮器。 明永樂年間(1403～1424年)，北京製造出享譽世界的明永樂大銅鍾(46.5噸)和鍾樓大銅鍾(63噸)及鐵鍾(25噸)，採用分爐熔化、地坑造型和陶范法鑄造。 20世紀50年代以前，北京在鑄造上採用粘土砂手工造型。1955年，北京第一機床廠開始採用漏模造型、雙面模型型板及鐵型板和標准砂箱造型。1965年，開始採用塑料模型。 1980 年，北京市機電研究院與北京瑪鋼廠研製成功工頻無芯塞桿底注式保溫澆注電爐。1982年，該院與北京機床鑄造二廠研究成功沖天爐風口吹氧技術。 1985～1988年，北京機床研究所試驗成功浮動端面密封環的壓力鑄造工藝。
鍛壓 1959年，北京第二通用機械廠(後改名北京重型機器廠)建成2500噸水壓機。1971年，該廠製造出6000噸水壓機，這是當時北京最大的鍛壓設備。 1968～1979年，北京起重機器廠先後採用300噸油壓機和2000噸油壓機製造出起重機吊臂和大型覆蓋件。 80年代，北京市機電研究院和北京市模具中心研製出一系列高精度多工位沖裁模具，接近或達到進口模具水平，改變了北京精密沖裁模具依賴進口的局面。
熱處理 1949年前，北京已採用電爐、鹽溶爐、熱電偶等手段進行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、調質、滲碳等熱處理。 1956年，北京第一機床廠開始採用高頻感應淬火。1961年，北京第二機床廠開始採用氣體氮化淬火。1969年，北京量具刃具廠開始採用光亮淬火。 1978年，北京機床研究所研究完成機床導軌表面接觸淬火工藝及設備、淬火質量檢查技術條件的研究。1979年，鐵道科學研究院和中國科學院力學研究所等合作完成大功率柴油機缸套表面的激光改性處理的研究。 1979年，北京市機電研究院研製成功千瓦級二氧化碳激光器，並於80年代初分別應用於汽缸套和郵票印刷設備的激光熱處理。其中，清華大學、北京市機電研究院、北京郵票廠共同完成郵票廠七色機打孔器表面激光強化研究。 1984～1990年，北京市熱處理研究所研究成功真空熱處理、氣體滲碳微機控制技術(與北京航空航天大學合作)、稀土軟氮化、粉末冶金製品表面強化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微機可控滲碳、固體滲硼、滲碳過程微機輔助工藝設計及跟蹤控制系統等熱處理新技術，並應用於生產。 焊接與切割 1949年，北京已有氣焊、電弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作業。 1963年，北京金屬結構廠與一機部機械科學研究院合作開發出鎢極氬弧焊，並實現了氮氣等離子切割不銹鋼。1964年，用直流鎢極氬弧焊及焊絲合金化技術解決了核工業用傾斜式電解糟純鎳焊接。 1966年，北京金屬結構廠開發出了使被焊球體旋轉的埋弧自動焊。1968年，該廠開始以液化石油氣代替乙炔切割。 80年代初，清華大學發明了新型MIG焊接電弧控製法，在控制電弧技術上取得突破。 80年代初，北京城建設計院等完成液化石油氣移動式氣壓焊軌技術的研究和應用。 1990年，北京金屬結構廠開始採用數控精密切割和具有光電跟蹤及數控尋蹤讀入自動編程的大功率等離子切割技術。
可見，我國機械發展在近代發展其迅速。

China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, e to the nineteen forties, e to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery instry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and instrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years.

After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical proct large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery instry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical instry.

Just small ramming machinery:
In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming.

Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant procts to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was graally more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated.

In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine proction mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual proction engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine proct quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine proction sales, and graally decreased in only a few small private enterprise proction.

In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of procts in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started procing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of procts, specifications and increase proction enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram graally to enter the Chinese market.

In 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, proctivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting proction factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, proction and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery procts. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram graally to enter the Chinese market.

Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.

The mechanical processing:
According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing proce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process.
In 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-ty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory proced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports.
Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy procts surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in proction. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis instry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting.
Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.

⑶ 求機械類英文文獻

機械類英文文獻有翻譯 機械零部件、機構、裝置、設備設計、製造及..
讀機械的英語不好版翻譯好!現在傳點資料權上來給大家分享下!希望大家支持,已經有中文翻譯 muzili83 2007-05-09 09:48...可惜,是材料類的,用不上 唉~~ candiwell 2007-05-10 08:55 很好的,請問樓主可有關模具方面的,最好是沖壓拉深...
www.jxcad.com.cn/simple/index.php?t301187 ... 10K 2008-2-26 - 網路快照
www.jxcad.com.cn 上的更多結果

⑷ 求片關於機械方面的英文論文，要有五千字以上，有中文翻譯。

談數字印刷機及數字印刷油墨的種類

隨著印刷數字化步伐的加快，數字印刷cTP等新技術如火如荼．已經成為當今印刷不可逆轉的主流發展技術。數字印刷的印刷適性也與傳統印刷有明顯的不同．對印刷設備印刷材料，印刷技術提出了新的要求．為了達到良好的印刷質量和高速度生產．數字印刷材料，尤其是數字印刷油墨的研究和開發顯得更為重要。經過幾年的發展，數字印刷油墨技術已日甄成熟．但數字印刷油墨的高價位仍是制約數字印刷發展的瓶頸。

數字印刷成像原理

要談數字印刷油墨，必然要談到數字印刷機，因為不同廠家推出的數字印刷機成像原理不同，對所用數字印刷油墨的組成性能、性狀的要求也不同。目前使用的數字ElSiJ設備的成像原理可以分為六大類。

1．電子照相

又稱靜電成像，是利用激光掃描方法在光導體上形成靜電潛影再利用帶電色粉與靜電潛影的電荷作用，將色粉影像轉移到承印物上完成印刷。

2．噴射成像

油墨以一定的速度從微細噴嘴有選擇性地噴射到承印物上實現油墨影像再現。噴墨印刷分為連續噴墨印刷和按需噴墨印刷。連續噴墨系統是利用壓力使墨水通過細孔形成連續墨流．高速下墨流變成細小液滴之後使液滴帶電．帶電的墨滴可在電荷板控制下噴射到承印物表面需要的位置而形成列印圖文。墨滴偏移量和承印物上墨點位置由墨滴離開細孔時的帶電量決定。

按需噴墨與連續噴墨的不同在於作用於儲墨盒的壓力不是連續的．而是受成像數字信號的控制，需要時才有壓力作用而噴射。按需噴墨由於沒有墨滴偏移，可省去墨槽和循環系統，噴墨頭結構相對簡化。

3．電凝聚成像

電凝聚成像是通過電極之間的電化學反應導致油墨發生凝聚．並固著在成像滾筒表面形成圖像．沒有發生電化學反應的空白區域的油墨仍然保持液態可通過刮板刮除，而滾筒表面由固著油墨形成的圖文通過壓力即可轉移到承印物上，完成印刷。電凝聚數字印刷機的代表機型是EIcorsy公司的產品．分辨力為400dpi。

4．磁記錄成像

磁記錄成像是依靠磁性材料的磁子在外磁場作用下定向排列形成磁性潛影．再利用磁性色粉與磁性潛影在磁場力下相互作用完成顯影．以磁性色粉轉移到承印物上形成圖像。這種方法一般只用於黑白印刷。

5．靜電成像

靜電成像是應用最廣的數字印刷成像技術．它是利用激光掃描法在光導體上形成靜電潛影．利用帶電色粉與靜電潛影間的電荷作用形成潛影，轉移到承印物上即完成印刷。以顯影方式不同分為兩種一種是採用電子油墨顯影．分辨力達800dpi，以HPInd{go為代表。另一種是採用乾式色粉顯影，分辨力為600dpiXeikon，Xerox、Agfa、CanonKodak、ManRoIand和IBM等的數字印刷機都採用此方法。

6．熱成像
熱成像是以材料加熱後物理性能的改變在介質上成像的．分為直接熱成像和熱轉移成像。直接熱成像是使用經專門處理的帶有特殊塗層的承印材料，加熱後塗層發生顏色轉變。熱轉移成像的油墨塗布於色帶上．對色膜或色帶加熱即轉移到承印材料上，成像質量可達照片級。

數字印刷油墨

1．乾粉數字印刷油墨

乾粉數字印刷油墨由顏料粒子助於電荷形成的顆粒荷電劑與可熔性樹脂混合而形成的乾粉狀油墨。帶有負電荷的墨粉被曝光部分吸附形成圖像轉印到紙上的墨粉圖像經加熱後墨粉中樹脂熔化，固著於承印物上形成圖像。

2．液態數字印刷油墨

液態數字印刷油墨常用於噴墨印刷，油墨種類與噴墨頭結構有關。噴墨頭可分熱壓式及壓電式兩大類，而壓電式有高精度和低精度2種．EPS0N的噴頭屬於高精度噴頭Xaar及Spectra的噴頭屬於低精度噴頭．高精度噴頭多採用水性染料或顏料油墨．後者以採用溶劑型顏料油墨居多。

與傳統油墨不同的是．電子液體油墨在介質上的固化不依賴於墨膜乾燥時間．而是遇到高溫(130。C)橡皮布立即固化在橡皮布上．橡皮布上的油墨圖文再100％地轉印到紙或其他介質上。另一方面．電子液體油墨的基本材料是新型樹脂材料，它的微觀形狀為多邊形．在壓力作用下不像傳統油墨容易擴散，而是結合緊密與紙張或其他介質接觸後立即固化使印刷圖像更加清晰網點邊緣稍有虛化及擴散。

電子液體油墨分為水性油墨和油性(溶劑型)油墨。水性油墨由溶劑、著色劑、表面活性劑pH調節劑、催干劑及必要的添加組成對於熱壓式噴墨印刷系統來說，只能選用水性油墨。按需噴墨印刷油墨通常也是基於水性的油墨。油性(溶劑型)油墨由著色劑溶劑，分散3,J~n其他調節劑組成。

3．固態數字印刷油墨

固態數字印刷油墨主要應用於噴墨印刷其在常態下呈固態印刷時油墨加熱，黏度減小後而噴射到承印物表面上。固態數字印刷油墨由著色劑、荷粒電荷劑、黏度控制劑和載體等成分組成。

4．電子油墨

電子油墨是用於印刷塗布在特殊片基材料上作為顯示器的一種特殊油墨，由微膠囊包裹而成其直徑在納米級。微膠囊內有許多帶正電的白色粒子和帶負電的黑色粒子，且分布在微膠囊內透明液體中。當微膠囊充正電時．帶正電的微粒子聚集在朝向觀察者一面．而顯示為白色，充負電時．帶負電的黑色粒子聚集在觀察者一面．而顯示黑色。粒子的位置及顯示的顏色由電場控制，控制電場由高分辨力的顯示陣列底板產生。

5．UV／EB油墨

所謂UV／EB油墨就是利用紫外光固化或電子束能量固化的油墨，uv／EB油墨類輻射固化油墨在噴墨印刷中的應用日益廣泛。UV油墨在數字印刷中的最大特點是穩定性好，只在uV光照下固化的優勢可以有效避免列印頭堵塞．延長列印頭的實際使用壽命。但不足之處是．採用uv／EB油墨列印將導致印刷速度降低．比如說油墨供應環節的限制以及大量油墨通過列印頭的速度等。目前，Xennla的新型XenJetVivide系列CMYK顏料型uV固化油墨已經通過了Xaar公司的認證．並將這種新油墨用在Omnidot760列印頭上。

現在，世界范圍內數字印刷油墨的研究正方興未艾，各數字印刷機生產廠家如Canon、HewIettPackard、EPSONScitexXeikon、HPIndigo等都根據自己數字印刷機的特性而研究開發出適應其系統特性的數字印刷油墨。另外，全球其他著名的油墨製造商．如DIC、太陽化學、富林特、SakataInxCorp等公司也都開始涉足數字印刷油墨的開發與生產。相信隨著數字印刷機的普遍使用，對數字印刷油墨的研究開發將更加深入．新的數字印刷5a墨會不斷出現。

Discussed digital printer and the numeral printing ink type along with printing digitization step quickening, the numeral prints cTP and so on the new technology to be like a raging fire. Already becomes prints the irreversible mainstream development technology now. The digital printing printability also has the obvious difference with traditional printing. To the printing equipment printing material, the printing technology set the new request. In order to achieve the good print quality and the high velocity proction. The digital printing material, in particular the numeral printing ink research and the development appears importantly. After several years development, the numeral printing ink technology Zhen will be later day mature. But the numeral printing ink high price still was restricts the digital printing development the bottleneck
The digital printing image formation principle needs to discuss the numeral printing ink, must talk about the digital printer inevitably, because the different factory promotes the digital printer image formation principle is different, to uses the numeral printing ink the composition performance, the character request to be also different. At present uses the digital ElSiJ equipment image formation principle may divide into six big kinds �? 201. electrons according to �? 20 called the static electricity image formation, is uses the laser scan method to form the static electricity on the photoconctor to dive the shade to use the charged color powder and the static electricity again dives the shade electric charge function, shifts the color powder phantom to accepts for printing in the thing to complete printing �? 202. sprays Cheng �? 20 printing ink have by certain speed from the tiny spray nozzle selectively spray to accept for printing in the thing to realize the printing ink phantom reappearance. Spurts ink printing to divide into continuously spurts ink printing and according to must spurt ink printing. Spurts the ink system is continuously causes the ink using the pressure to form the continual ink class through the pore. After the high speed under ink changes the tiny bubble causes the bubble charged. The charged ink drop may spray under the electric charge board control to accepts for printing the position which the surface needs to form the printing chart article. The ink drop displacement quantity and accepts for printing an inking position leaves when the pore by the ink drop the charged quantity decisionAccording to must spurt the ink with to spurt the ink differently to lie in affects Yu the Chu ink the pressure is not continuously continual. When is the image formation digital signal control, the need only then has the pressure to affect sprays. According to must spurt the ink because does not have the ink drop displacement, may omit the ink trough and the circulatory system, spurts the ink structure relative simplification �? 203. electricity condensation image formation electricity condensation image formation is through the electrode between electrochemistry responded causes the printing ink to have the condensation. And adheres firmly in the image formation drum surface forms the image. Has not had the blank region printing ink which the electrochemistry responded still to maintain the liquid state to be possible through the scraper to blow except, but the drum surface from adheres firmly the chart article which the printing ink forms then to shift through the pressure to accepts for printing in the thing, completes printing. Electricity condensation numeral printer representative the type is the EIcorsy Corporation's proct. The resolving power is 400dpi�? 204. magnetic recording image formation magnetic recording image formation is depends upon the magnetic material the magneton the directional arrangement to form magnetism under the outside magnetic field function to dive the shade. Again dives the shade using magnetism sex-linked colors powder and magnetism to affect mutually under the magnetic field strength completes the development. Shifts by magnetism sex-linked colors powder to accepts for printing in the thing to form the image. This method only uses in black and white printing generally5. static electricity Cheng �? 20 static electricity image formations apply the broadest digital printing image formation technology. It is uses the laser scanning method to form the static electricity on the photoconctor to dive the shade. Uses the charged color powder and the static electricity dives the shade electric charge function to form dives the shade, shifts to accepts for printing in the thing namely to complete printing. Develops the way differently to divide into two kinds of one kind uses the electronic printing ink development. Resolving power �? 00dpi, take HPInd {go as representative. Another kind is uses the dry color powder development, the resolving power �? 00dpiXeikon, Xerox, Agfa, CanonKodak, ManRoIand and IBM and so on the digital printer all uses this method �? 206. thermal imagery thermal imageries are after the material heating the physical performance change on the medium the image formation. Divides into the direct thermal imagery and the hot shift image formation. The direct thermal imagery is the use after processes specially has the special coating to accept for printing the material, after the heating the coating has the color transformation. The hot shift image formation printing ink spreads the cloth on the inked ribbon. Namely shifts to the color membrane or the inked ribbon heating to accepts for printing on the material, the image formation quality may reach the picture levelNumeral printing ink 1. dried noodles numeral off-set oil �? Does the powdery printing ink which 20 dried noodles numeral printing ink helps by the pigment granule which forms in the electric charge the pellet electrically charged medicinal preparation and the fusibility resin mix forms. Has the negative charge toner to expose the part adsorption to form the image to transfer in the toner the resin to melt India's to paper on toner image after the heating, adheres firmly in accepts for printing in the thing to form the image �? 202. liquid state numeral off-set oil �? 20 liquid state numeral printing ink commonly used Yu Penmo prints, the printing ink type with spurts an ink structure to concern. Spurts the ink separable thermo-compression type and the piezoelectricity type two big kinds, but the piezoelectricity type has the high accuracy and the low accuracy 2 kind of .EPS0N nozzle belongs to high accuracy nozzle Xaar and the Spectra nozzle belongs to the low accuracy nozzle. The high accuracy nozzle uses the river character dye or the pigment printing ink. The latter uses the solvent pigment printing ink majority 不好意思 ，沒有完整的給你 你按照我給的網址自己找你需要的

參考資料：佳工機電網 外語時空網

⑸ 機械專業英語論文

3K字的，
這個 問題不是很大，
吧，給你幫忙的，給你的，
做的，

⑹ 求一篇機械製造類的英語版論文,外文翻譯啊,求幫忙

推薦到OA圖書館查詢。
輸入相應的關鍵詞即可。

⑺ 急求機械專業相關英文論文（帶中文翻譯）

這里有很多的,你可以找下有沒有?我找了好長時間才找到的哦.

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]
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新浪論文網分類:http://dir.sina.com.cn/search_dir/jy/lw/
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北京語言文化大學論文庫:http://lib.blcu.e.cn/dt1000/bys/bys.htm

⑻ 求機械類的英文文獻和翻譯 4000字以上 畢業設計用的

機械類的就可以嗎?是不是范圍太大？

⑼ 急求關於機械方面的英語文章（2000字以上）

Assembly line組裝線
Layout布置圖
Conveyer流水線物料板
Rivet table拉釘機
Rivet gun拉釘槍
Screw driver起子
Electric screw driver電動起子
Pneumatic screw driver氣動起子
worktable 工作桌
OOBA開箱檢查 Out of Box Audit
fit together組裝在一起
fasten鎖緊(螺絲)
fixture 夾具(治具)
pallet棧板
barcode條碼
barcode scanner條碼掃描器
fuse together熔合
fuse machine熱熔機
repair修理
operator作業員
QC品管
supervisor 課長
ME製造工程師
MT製造生技
cosmetic inspect外觀檢查
inner parts inspect內部檢查
thumb screw大頭螺絲
lbs. inch鎊、英寸
EMI gasket導電條
front plate前板
rear plate後板
chassis 基座
bezel panel面板
power button電源按鍵
reset button重置鍵
Hi-pot test of SPS高源高壓測試
Voltage switch of SPS
電源電壓接拉鍵
sheet metal parts 沖件
plastic parts塑膠件
SOP製造作業程序
material check list物料檢查表
work cell工作間
trolley台車
carton紙箱
sub-line支線
left fork叉車
personnel resource department 人力資源部
proction department生產部門
planning department企劃部
QC Section品管科
stamping factory沖壓廠
painting factory烤漆廠
molding factory成型廠
common equipment常用設備
uncoiler and straightener整平機
punching machine 沖床
robot機械手
hydraulic machine油壓機
lathe車床
|刨床planer |'plein
miller銑床
grinder磨床
driller鑽床
linear cutting線切割
electrical sparkle電火花
welder電焊機
staker=reviting machine鉚合機
position職務
president董事長
general manager總經理
special assistant manager特助
factory director廠長
department director部長
deputy manager | =vice manager副理
section supervisor課長
deputy section supervisor =vice section supervisor副課長
group leader/supervisor組長
line supervisor線長
assistant manager助理
to move, to carry, to handle搬運
be put in storage入庫
pack packing包裝
to apply oil擦油
to file burr 銼毛刺
final inspection終檢
to connect material接料
to reverse material 翻料
wet station沾濕台
Tiana天那水
cleaning cloth抹布
to load material上料
to unload material卸料
to return material/stock to退料
scraped |'skræpid|報廢
scrape ..v.刮;削
deficient purchase來料不良
manufacture procere製程
deficient manufacturing procere製程不良
n|氧化oxidation |' ksi'dei
scratch刮傷
dents壓痕
defective upsiding down抽芽不良
defective to staking鉚合不良
embedded lump鑲塊
feeding is not in place送料不到位
stamping-missing漏沖
proction capacity生產力
ecation and training教育與訓練
proposal improvement提案改善
spare parts=buffer備件
forklift叉車
trailer=long vehicle拖板車
compound die合模
die locker鎖模器
pressure plate=plate pinch壓板
bolt螺栓
name of a department部門名稱
administration/general affairs dept總務部
automatic screwdriver電動啟子
thickness gauge厚薄規
gauge(or jig)治具
power wire電源線
buzzle蜂鳴器
defective proct label不良標簽
identifying sheet list標示單
screwdriver holder起子插座
pedal踩踏板
stopper阻擋器
flow board流水板
hydraulic handjack油壓板車
forklift叉車
pallet棧板
glove(s)手套
glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套
thumb大拇指
forefinger食指
midfinger中指
ring finger無名指
little finger小指
band-aid創可貼
iustrial alcohol工業酒精
alcohol container沾濕台
head of screwdriver起子頭
sweeper掃把
mop拖把
vaccum cleaner吸塵器
rag 抹布
garbage container灰箕
garbage can垃圾箱
garbage bag垃圾袋
chain鏈條
jack升降機
proction line流水線
chain鏈條槽
magnetizer加磁器
lamp holder燈架
to mop the floor拖地
to clean the floor掃地
to clean a table擦桌子
air pipe 氣管
packaging tool打包機
packaging打包
missing part漏件
wrong part錯件
excessive defects過多的缺陷
critical defect極嚴重缺陷
major defect主要缺陷
minor defect次要缺陷
not up to standard不合規格
dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小)
cosmetic defect外觀不良
slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺絲滑頭
slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手
speckle斑點
mildewed=moldy=mouldy發霉
rust生銹
deformation變形
burr(金屬)flash(塑件)毛邊
poor staking鉚合不良
excesssive gap間隙過大
grease/oil stains油污
inclusion雜質
painting peel off臟污
shrinking/shrinkage縮水
mixed color雜色
scratch劃傷
poor processing 製程不良
poor incoming part事件不良
fold of packaging belt打包帶折皺
painting make-up補漆
discoloration羿色
water spots水漬
polishing/surface processing表面處理
exposed metal/bare metal金屬裸露
lack of painting烤漆不到位
safety安全
quality品質
delivery deadline交貨期
cost成本
engineering工程
die repair模修
enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企劃
QC品管
die worker模工
proction, to proce生產
equipment設備
to start a press開機
stop/switch off a press關機
classification整理
regulation整頓
cleanness清掃
conservation清潔
culture教養
qualified procts, up-to-grade procts良品
defective procts, not up-to-grade procts不良品
waste廢料
board看板
feeder送料機
sliding rack滑料架
defective proct box不良品箱
die change 換模
to fix a die裝模
to take apart a die拆模
to repair a die修模
packing material包材
basket蝴蝶竺
plastic basket膠筐
isolating plate baffle plate; barricade隔板
carton box紙箱
to pull and stretch拉深
to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料
to impose lines壓線
to compress, compressing壓縮
character die字模
to feed, feeding送料
transportation運輸
(be)qualfied, up to grade合格
not up to grade, not qualified不合格
material change, stock change材料變更
feature change 特性變更
evaluation評估
prepare for, make preparations for 准備
parameters參數
rotating speed, revolution轉速
manufacture management製造管理
abnormal handling異常處理
proction unit生產單位
lots of proction生產批量
steel plate鋼板
roll material卷料
manufacture procere製程
operation procere作業流程
to revise, modify修訂
to switch over to, switch---to throw--over switching over切換
engineering, project difficulty 工程瓶頸
stage die工程模
automation自動化
to stake, staking, reviting鉚合
add lubricating oil加潤滑油
shut die架模
shut height of a die架模高度
analog-mode device類模器
die lifter舉模器
argon welding氬焊
vocabulary for stamping

模具專業英語[分享]
模具述語
一、入水：gate
進入位： gate location
水口形式：gate type
大水口：edge gate
細水口： pin-point gate
水口大小：gate size
轉水口： switching runner/gate
唧嘴口徑： sprue diameter
二、流道: runner
熱流道： hot runner,hot manifold
熱嘴冷流道: hot sprue/cold runner
唧嘴直流: direct sprue gate
圓形流道：round(full/half runner
流道電腦分析：mold flow analysis
流道平衡:runner balance
熱嘴： hot sprue
熱流道板：hot manifold
發熱管：cartridge heater
探針: thermocouples
插頭： connector plug
插座： connector socket
密封/封料： seal
三、運水：water line
喉塞：line lpug
喉管：tube
塑膠管：plastic tube
快速接頭：jiffy quick connector plug/socker
四、模具零件： mold components
三板模：3-plate mold
二板模：2-plate mold
邊釘/導邊：leader pin/guide pin
邊司/導套：bushing/guide bushing
中托司：shoulder guide bushing
中托邊L：guide pin
頂針板：ejector retainner plate
托板： support plate
螺絲： screw
管釘：dowel pin
開模槽：ply bar scot
內模管位：core/cavity inter-lock
頂針： ejector pin
司筒：ejector sleeve
司筒針：ejector pin
推板：stripper plate
縮呵：movable core,return core core puller
扣機（尼龍拉勾）：nylon latch lock
斜頂：lifter
模胚（架）： mold base
上內模：cavity insert
下內模：core insert
行位（滑塊）： slide
鑲件：insert
壓座/斜雞：wedge
耐磨板/油板：wedge wear plate
壓條：plate
撐頭: support pillar
唧嘴： sprue bushing
擋板：stop plate
定位圈：locating ring
鎖扣：latch
扣雞：parting lock set
推桿：push bar
栓打螺絲：S.H.S.B
頂板：eracuretun
活動臂：lever arm
分流錐：spure sperader
水口司:bush
垃圾釘：stop pin
隔片：buffle
彈弓柱：spring rod
彈弓:die spring
中托司：ejector guide bush
中托邊：ejector guide pin
鑲針：pin
銷子：dowel pin
波子彈弓：ball catch
喉塞: pipe plug
鎖模塊：lock plate
斜頂：angle from pin
斜頂桿：angle ejector rod
尼龍拉勾：parting locks
活動臂：lever arm
復位鍵、提前回桿：early return bar
氣閥：valves
斜導邊：angle pin
術語：terms
承壓平面平衡：parting surface support balance
模排氣：parting line venting
回針碰料位：return pin and cavity interference
模總高超出啤機規格：mold base shut hight
頂針碰運水：water line interferes withejector pin
料位出上/下模：part from cavith (core) side
模胚原身出料位：cavity direct cut on A-plate,core direct cut on B-plate.
不準用鑲件： Do not use (core/cavity) insert
用鈹銅做鑲件： use beryllium copper insert
初步（正式）模圖設計：preliinary (final) mold design
反呵：reverse core
彈弓壓縮量：spring compressed length
穩定性好：good stability,stable
強度不夠：insufficient rigidity
均勻冷卻：even cooling
扣模：sticking
熱膨脹：thero expansion
公差：tolorance
銅公(電極）：copper electrod